Blackjack by Kenneth Kwok & Min Jee (Andy) Leung
Introduction
In this project we created a video blackjack machine using AT90S8535. In our previous labs we have gained familiarity with the 8-bit AVR microcontroller and the UART interface to transmit to and receive from a terminal. Our blackjack machine outputs text to the terminal through the UART, and at the same time accepts input from the user through push buttons. The core of our program is a random number generator which uses a 16-bit shift register and a primitive polynomial modulo 2.
Our rules of blackjack in this machine
The player attempts to beat the dealer (the computer) by obtaining a hand total that is equal to or less than 21 so that his/her total is higher than the dealer’s. Each card has the same value as its index except for the aces and the picture cards. All pictures cards are counted as 10, while aces can be counted as 11 or 1, depending on the player’s choice. At the beginning of the game, the player is first dealt two cards in sequence and the dealer receives two cards, one face up and one face down. The player then has the choice to stand (no more card), to hit (wants one more card), or to double down. Doubling down means the player want to double the amount of his initial bet and receives only one additional card only. After the third card, the player can only stand or hit. This continues until either the player is busted (his/her hand exceeds a total of twenty one) or the player stands. After this, the dealer exposes his first unexposed card and draws card until he/she has a total or 17 or above. The player wins if his hand is not busted and is greater than the dealer’s.
High-level design
Our blackjack machine is in fact a state machine. The algorithm of our machine is as follows:
Display the "Welcome to try our Black Jack" banner out of reset, and wait for player to press the "New Game" button.
At the beginning the player has 10 points in total, the program then asks how many points he/she wants to bet for this game. The program waits till the player has entered the bet and stores the value into RAM.
It deals 2 cards to dealer and 2 cards to player, and displays one of dealer’s cards and all of player’s cards.
If the player’s hand is black jack, player wins and game is over. If player is busted, player loses and game is over. (go to step 8)
The player selects either to stand, to hit or to double down. Doubling down is only available only when the player has two cards.
If player chooses to double down, deal him/her a card and then go to step 7. If player chooses to hit, deal him/her a card and go to step 4. If player chooses to stand, go to step 7.
Find out the score of player’s hand, and dealer receives cards until it reaches at least 17 or it is busted. If dealer’s hand is greater than the player’s, dealer wins; if player’s hand is greater, player wins; otherwise, the game is tied.
Game is over. It has two options. If player’s total point is greater than 0, player can choose "next round", "new game" or "to quit"; else, player can only choose "new game" or quit".
Here is the state diagram of our machine:
Specific Details
Random number generator
Our method for generating random numbers is to perform bit-wise operations in a 16-bit register (or two 8-bit registers since there are only 8 bit registers in the AT90S8535 microprocessor. We generate 8 random bits to obtain a random number. The theory of generating random bits is based on primitive polynomials modulo 2. Each primitive polynomial modulo 2 of order n defines a recurrence relation for obtaining a new random bit from the n preceding ones. It guarantees to generate 2n – 1 random bits before the sequence bits. In our sixteen-bit case, we are able to generate 215 – 1 (32767) bits in each cycle. We use the following primitive polynomial in our machine:
x15 + x + 1
This equation tells us how to generate the new bit from the 16 bit register. Let the bits be numbered starting b0 from the right to b15 at the very left. The new bit is simply b15 ^ b1 ^ b0. The old contents of the register is shifted to the left once and then this new bit is added to becomes b0. This operation is performed eight times to get a new word (8 bits). Procedure get_random performs the above operations.
Furthermore, get_random produces 10 different cards at a time. After it has got a random 8 bit number, it converts to a number ranged from 0-51 using the mod operation, and each number corresponds to a card. Each time a card is generated, the procedure will check with previous card values to ensure that cards are not duplicated. If the card is duplicated, the program will keep generating cards until they do not have identical values.
We first need an initial value (seed) to put into this 16-bit register. Our implementation of this game forces this seed to be different every time a new game is started. We first define an arbitrary value in the 16-bit register; however, when the program is waiting for the user to press "new game" to start a new game, inside the wait loop, the value in the 16-bit register keeps decrementing until the player pushes the button. This way we can ensure that a different set of cards will be dealt when a new game starts.
Hardware (Push buttons and LEDs)
Our project requires minimal hardware. In fact our initial machine involves no extra hardware at all since we make the full use of the UART interface to accept input from the keyboard and to output text to a computer terminal. Nevertheless, it now uses the push buttons to accept inputs. There are eight push buttons in our machine. Since during each user’s input selection, only a few buttons are valid. There are LEDs next to the buttons to show which ones are the valid inputs. Below shows a schematic of our hardware:
Output
Our user interface is text-based since it uses serial I/O UART. Since it’s only text based, we can only show the cards by numbers and letters. Here is our notation:
A - Ace
T - Ten
J - Jack
Q - Queen
K - King
D - Diamonds
C - Clubs
H - Hearts
S - Spades
For example, if the hand has 10 of Spades, Queen of Hearts, Ace of Spades, 6 of Clubs and 9 of Diamonds, it will be displayed as:
TS QH AS 6C 9D
The code involving UART is very simple. It is the same as the one we used in lab 4.
What we would do differently next time
While building this blackjack machine, we encountered few serious problems at the beginning with our code. For example, our cards generated were not random at all, and there were a lot of problems with the output of text messages through the UART interfaces. Nevertheless, these bugs were eliminated through our thorough inspection of our codes, and through simulating in AVR Studio. We have spent a substantial amount of time in debugging, and therefore, what we would do differently next time is to change our way of writing codes, and debugging. In the first two weeks of our project, we wrote our code for the whole game without testing them, and in the last week we encountered a lot of problems since the code was not working as expected. And we had no idea how to tackle the problems initially since the code is so big. Therefore, next time, we would write small pieces of code one by one, thoroughly test them pieces by pieces before merging into one big program.
Furthermore, since we output to a terminal through UART, our product is not portable at all. We would like to make it more portable next time. We looked at the catalog, and we could not find a good and inexpensive LCD. We do not use the LCD we used in Labs 5 & 6 for display because the 16-character limit is too restrictive. There is a 2-line LCD in the catalog; however, this 2-line limit is also restrictive in our opinion and we thus use the terminal for display. Next time we would like to use a color, bit-mapped LCD. We would not display the numbers and suits of the cards, but instead images of real cards. It would take us a lot of time, but only with this kind of display could we make our project more like a real product sold in market.
Link: http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/e.../blackjack.html
Introduction
In this project we created a video blackjack machine using AT90S8535. In our previous labs we have gained familiarity with the 8-bit AVR microcontroller and the UART interface to transmit to and receive from a terminal. Our blackjack machine outputs text to the terminal through the UART, and at the same time accepts input from the user through push buttons. The core of our program is a random number generator which uses a 16-bit shift register and a primitive polynomial modulo 2.
Our rules of blackjack in this machine
The player attempts to beat the dealer (the computer) by obtaining a hand total that is equal to or less than 21 so that his/her total is higher than the dealer’s. Each card has the same value as its index except for the aces and the picture cards. All pictures cards are counted as 10, while aces can be counted as 11 or 1, depending on the player’s choice. At the beginning of the game, the player is first dealt two cards in sequence and the dealer receives two cards, one face up and one face down. The player then has the choice to stand (no more card), to hit (wants one more card), or to double down. Doubling down means the player want to double the amount of his initial bet and receives only one additional card only. After the third card, the player can only stand or hit. This continues until either the player is busted (his/her hand exceeds a total of twenty one) or the player stands. After this, the dealer exposes his first unexposed card and draws card until he/she has a total or 17 or above. The player wins if his hand is not busted and is greater than the dealer’s.
High-level design
Our blackjack machine is in fact a state machine. The algorithm of our machine is as follows:
Display the "Welcome to try our Black Jack" banner out of reset, and wait for player to press the "New Game" button.
At the beginning the player has 10 points in total, the program then asks how many points he/she wants to bet for this game. The program waits till the player has entered the bet and stores the value into RAM.
It deals 2 cards to dealer and 2 cards to player, and displays one of dealer’s cards and all of player’s cards.
If the player’s hand is black jack, player wins and game is over. If player is busted, player loses and game is over. (go to step 8)
The player selects either to stand, to hit or to double down. Doubling down is only available only when the player has two cards.
If player chooses to double down, deal him/her a card and then go to step 7. If player chooses to hit, deal him/her a card and go to step 4. If player chooses to stand, go to step 7.
Find out the score of player’s hand, and dealer receives cards until it reaches at least 17 or it is busted. If dealer’s hand is greater than the player’s, dealer wins; if player’s hand is greater, player wins; otherwise, the game is tied.
Game is over. It has two options. If player’s total point is greater than 0, player can choose "next round", "new game" or "to quit"; else, player can only choose "new game" or quit".
Here is the state diagram of our machine:
Specific Details
Random number generator
Our method for generating random numbers is to perform bit-wise operations in a 16-bit register (or two 8-bit registers since there are only 8 bit registers in the AT90S8535 microprocessor. We generate 8 random bits to obtain a random number. The theory of generating random bits is based on primitive polynomials modulo 2. Each primitive polynomial modulo 2 of order n defines a recurrence relation for obtaining a new random bit from the n preceding ones. It guarantees to generate 2n – 1 random bits before the sequence bits. In our sixteen-bit case, we are able to generate 215 – 1 (32767) bits in each cycle. We use the following primitive polynomial in our machine:
x15 + x + 1
This equation tells us how to generate the new bit from the 16 bit register. Let the bits be numbered starting b0 from the right to b15 at the very left. The new bit is simply b15 ^ b1 ^ b0. The old contents of the register is shifted to the left once and then this new bit is added to becomes b0. This operation is performed eight times to get a new word (8 bits). Procedure get_random performs the above operations.
Furthermore, get_random produces 10 different cards at a time. After it has got a random 8 bit number, it converts to a number ranged from 0-51 using the mod operation, and each number corresponds to a card. Each time a card is generated, the procedure will check with previous card values to ensure that cards are not duplicated. If the card is duplicated, the program will keep generating cards until they do not have identical values.
We first need an initial value (seed) to put into this 16-bit register. Our implementation of this game forces this seed to be different every time a new game is started. We first define an arbitrary value in the 16-bit register; however, when the program is waiting for the user to press "new game" to start a new game, inside the wait loop, the value in the 16-bit register keeps decrementing until the player pushes the button. This way we can ensure that a different set of cards will be dealt when a new game starts.
Hardware (Push buttons and LEDs)
Our project requires minimal hardware. In fact our initial machine involves no extra hardware at all since we make the full use of the UART interface to accept input from the keyboard and to output text to a computer terminal. Nevertheless, it now uses the push buttons to accept inputs. There are eight push buttons in our machine. Since during each user’s input selection, only a few buttons are valid. There are LEDs next to the buttons to show which ones are the valid inputs. Below shows a schematic of our hardware:
Output
Our user interface is text-based since it uses serial I/O UART. Since it’s only text based, we can only show the cards by numbers and letters. Here is our notation:
A - Ace
T - Ten
J - Jack
Q - Queen
K - King
D - Diamonds
C - Clubs
H - Hearts
S - Spades
For example, if the hand has 10 of Spades, Queen of Hearts, Ace of Spades, 6 of Clubs and 9 of Diamonds, it will be displayed as:
TS QH AS 6C 9D
The code involving UART is very simple. It is the same as the one we used in lab 4.
What we would do differently next time
While building this blackjack machine, we encountered few serious problems at the beginning with our code. For example, our cards generated were not random at all, and there were a lot of problems with the output of text messages through the UART interfaces. Nevertheless, these bugs were eliminated through our thorough inspection of our codes, and through simulating in AVR Studio. We have spent a substantial amount of time in debugging, and therefore, what we would do differently next time is to change our way of writing codes, and debugging. In the first two weeks of our project, we wrote our code for the whole game without testing them, and in the last week we encountered a lot of problems since the code was not working as expected. And we had no idea how to tackle the problems initially since the code is so big. Therefore, next time, we would write small pieces of code one by one, thoroughly test them pieces by pieces before merging into one big program.
Furthermore, since we output to a terminal through UART, our product is not portable at all. We would like to make it more portable next time. We looked at the catalog, and we could not find a good and inexpensive LCD. We do not use the LCD we used in Labs 5 & 6 for display because the 16-character limit is too restrictive. There is a 2-line LCD in the catalog; however, this 2-line limit is also restrictive in our opinion and we thus use the terminal for display. Next time we would like to use a color, bit-mapped LCD. We would not display the numbers and suits of the cards, but instead images of real cards. It would take us a lot of time, but only with this kind of display could we make our project more like a real product sold in market.
Link: http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/e.../blackjack.html
| CODE | ||
;**** macros ******* .macro ldi_ram;@0 variable @1 immediate value;write an immediate value into RAM ldi ZL, LOW(@0) ldi ZH, HIGH(@0) ldi temp, @1 st Z, temp .endmacro .macro ld_ram ;@0 variable @1 register ;write a register value into RAM ldi ZL, LOW(@0) ldi ZH, HIGH(@0) st Z, @1 .endmacro .macro st_ram ;@0 register @1 variable in RAM;write from RAM to register ldi ZL, LOW(@1) ldi ZH, HIGH(@1) ld @0, Z .endmacro .macro add_ram;@0 variable in RAM @1 variable in RAM; add variables in RAM ldi ZL, LOW(@0) ldi ZH, HIGH(@0) ld temp, Z ldi ZL, LOW(@1) ldi ZH, HIGH(@1) ld temp1, Z add temp, temp1 ldi ZL, LOW(@0) ldi ZH, HIGH(@0) st Z, temp .endmacro .macro addi_ram ;@0 variable in RAM @1 immediate value ldi ZL, LOW(@0) ldi ZH, HIGH(@0) ld temp, Z ldi temp1, @1 add temp, temp1 ldi ZL, LOW(@0) ldi ZH, HIGH(@0) st Z, temp .endmacro .macro sub_ram;@0 variable in RAM @1 variable in RAM; add variables in RAM ldi ZL, LOW(@0) ldi ZH, HIGH(@0) ld temp, Z ldi ZL, LOW(@1) ldi ZH, HIGH(@1) ld temp1, Z sub temp, temp1 ldi ZL, LOW(@0) ldi ZH, HIGH(@0) st Z, temp .endmacro .macro tst_ram;@0 variable in RAM; equivalent to tst ldi ZL, LOW(@0) ldi ZH, HIGH(@0) ld temp, Z tst temp .endmacro ; given a 8-bit number (0-0xff), convert it into a number range from 0-52 ; random MOD 13, quotient is corresponding to suit, and remainder + 1 is ; corresponding to card number ; quotient = 0: diamond 1: club 2: heart 3: spade ; probably can write a macro for the MOD function ; example: simple_mod random, 52, remainder .macro simple_mod lsr @0 ratio: cpi @0, @1 brlt remainder subi @0, @1 rjmp ratio remainder: mov @2, @0 endm: .endmacro ; given a random number(0-51), decode it as a card ; random MOD 13, quotient is corresponding to suit, and remainder + 1 is ;corresponding to card number ; quotient = 0: diamond 1: club 2: heart 3: spade ; probably can write a macro for the MOD function ; example: mod random, 13, Dsuit3, Dcardnum3, DAce ; @0 @1 @2 @3 @4 .macro mod ldi ZL, LOW(@4) ;st_ram temp2, @4 ldi ZH, HIGH(@4) ld temp2, Z clr temp ratio: cpi @0, @1 brlt remainder subi @0, @1 inc temp rjmp ratio remainder: mov temp1, @0 inc temp1 ace: cpi temp1, 1 brne endm ldi temp2, 1 endm: ldi ZL, LOW(@2);ld_ram @2, temp ldi ZH, HIGH(@2) st Z, temp ldi ZL, LOW(@3);ld_ram @3, temp1 ldi ZH, HIGH(@3) st Z, temp1 ldi ZL, LOW(@4);ld_ram @4, temp2 ldi ZH, HIGH(@4) st Z, temp2 .endmacro ; find out the largest possible hand and store it back to the 2nd parameter ; 1st parameter indicates if the hand has an Ace or not ; 2nd parameter originally stores the normal current hand without ; having the "Ace effect." ; example: AceHand PAce, Phand ; if PAce is 1 and Phand is 11, then after calling AceHand ; Phand is equal to 21; on the other hand, if PAce is 0 or Phand ; is originally greater than 11, then Phand's final value will not be ; changed .macro AceHand ldi ZL, LOW(@1);st_ram temp1, @1 ldi ZH, HIGH(@1) ld temp1, Z ldi ZL, LOW(@0);st_ram temp2, @0 ldi ZH, HIGH(@0) ld temp2, Z tst temp2 breq noAce cpi temp1, 12 brge noAce subi temp1, -10 ; ldi ZL, LOW(@1);ld_ram @1, temp1 ; ldi ZH, HIGH(@1) ; st Z, temp1 noAce: .endmacro .macro tx_text_predefined ;now the pointer to the preset message ldi ZL, LOW(@0<<1) ;ptr to message ldi ZH, HIGH(@0<<1) lpm out UDR, r0 ;fire off the UART transmit ser TXflash ;the string is in flash ser TXbusy ;and set the TX busy flag sbi UCR, UDRIE ;enable the TXempty interrupt rcall TXwait .endmacro .macro tx_text_variable ;now the pointer to the variable message in RAM ldi ZL, LOW(@0) ;ptr to RAM ldi ZH, HIGH(@0) ld r0,Z out UDR, r0 ;fire off the UART transmit clr TXflash ;the string is in RAM ser TXbusy ;and set the TX busy flag sbi UCR, UDRIE ;enable the TXempty interrupt rcall TXwait .endmacro ; prepare string pointers for the prepare_string routine .macro p_pre_string ldi ZL, low(@0) ldi ZH, high(@0) mov param1a, ZL mov param1b, ZH ldi ZL, low(@1) ldi ZH, high(@1) mov param2a, ZL mov param2b, ZH .endmacro ;;;;;;;;;;;;;; END OF MACROS;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;Leung, Min Jee (Andy) & Kenneth Kwok ;Final Project: Black Jack .include "c:\users\k&a\8535def.inc" .device AT90S8535 .include "c:\users\k&a\final\macro.inc" ;*********************** .def hundreds=r2 .def tens =r3 .def ones =r4 .def rones=r5 .def rzeros=r6 .def tempran0 =r7 .def tempran1 =r8 .def tempran2 =r9 .def param1a =r10 .def param1b =r11 .def param2a =r12 .def param2b =r13 .def count =r14 ;counter for random number generation .def count1=r15 .def random =r17 .def temp =r16 ;temporary register .def savSREG =r18 ;save the status register .def TXbusy =r19 ;transmit busy flag .def RXchar =r20 ;a received character .def TXflash =r21 ;text to be sent is in flash if <>0 .def temp1 =r22 .def temp2 =r23 .def remainder=r24 .def random_ptr = r25;pointer to a card in the random array .def response = r26 .def mode = r27 .equ baud96 =25 ;9600 baud constant for 4Mhz crystal .equ tteen =13 .equ go ='g' ;0x67 ascii 'g' .equ stop ='s' ;0x73 ascii 's' .equ azero ='0' ;0x30 ascii '0' .equ one ='1' .equ two ='2' .equ n ='n' .equ r ='r' .equ q ='q' .equ hit ='h' .equ double ='d' .equ stand ='s' .equ tee = 'T' .equ jay = 'J' .equ cue = 'Q' .equ kay = 'K' .equ ay = 'A' .equ dee = 'D' .equ cee = 'C' .equ haych = 'H' .equ es = 'S' .equ space = ' ' ;************************************** .dseg ;define variable strings to be tranmitted from RAM ;if have time, implement player's name as well ;playername: .byte 11 ;no longer than 10 chars + a zero terminate Ppoints: .byte 1 ;to store player's points cards: .byte 10 ;to store the ten cards generated randomly bet: .byte 1 ;player's current bet Phand: .byte 1 ;player's current hand Dhand: .byte 1 ;dealer's current hand PAce: .byte 1 ; Ace = 0:no Ace in hand =1: has Ace in hand for player DAce: .byte 1 ; Ace = 0:no Ace in hand =1: has Ace in hand for dealer Busted: .byte 1 ; not 0: hand is greater than 21 BlackJack: .byte 1 ; not 0: hand is equal 21 Dsuit1: .byte 1 Dcardnum1: .byte 1 Dsuit2: .byte 1 Dcardnum2: .byte 1 Dsuit3: .byte 1 Dcardnum3: .byte 1 Dsuit4: .byte 1 Dcardnum4: .byte 1 Dsuit5: .byte 1 Dcardnum5: .byte 1 Psuit1: .byte 1 Pcardnum1: .byte 1 Psuit2: .byte 1 Pcardnum2: .byte 1 Psuit3: .byte 1 Pcardnum3: .byte 1 Psuit4: .byte 1 Pcardnum4: .byte 1 Psuit5: .byte 1 Pcardnum5: .byte 1 str_ptr: .byte 4 ;************************************** .cseg .org $0000 rjmp RESET ;reset entry vector reti reti reti reti reti reti reti reti reti reti rjmp RXdone ;UART receive done rjmp TXempty;UART buffer empty rjmp TXdone ;UART transmit done reti reti reti reti nextround_txt: .db "Press 'n' to play next round or", 0x00 resetquit_txt: .db "Press 'r' to start a new game or", 0x00 resetquit_txt1: .db "Press 'q' to quit the game: ", 0x00 welcome_txt: .db "Welcome to try our Black Jack!", 0x00 welcome_txt1: .db "Please press 'g' to start the game: ", 0x00 win_txt: .db "You win!", 0x00 lose_txt: .db "You lose.", 0x00 tie_txt: .db "Tied Game!", 0x00 crlf: .db 0x0d, 0x0a, 0x00 ;carrage return/line feed ;define fixed strings to be tranmitted from flash- zero terminated junk: .db "This space stores junks.......................", 0x00 points: .db "Your Current Points: ", 0x00 bet_txt: .db "How many points do you want to bet? (1 or 2): ", 0x00 bust_txt: .db "Your hand is busted!", 0x00 action_dd_txt: .db "or 'd' for 'double down':", 0x00 action_ndd_txt: .db "Press 'h' for 'hit me', or 's' for 'stand': ", 0x00 bj_txt: .db "You have a Black Jack!", 0x00 dealer_txt: .db "Dealer's Hand: ", 0x00 player_txt: .db "Player's Hand: ", 0x00 dfirst_txt: .db "XX ", 0x00 gameover: .db "You have no more points left. Game Over!", 0x00 RESET: ldi temp, LOW(RAMEND);setup stack pointer out SPL, temp ldi temp, HIGH(RAMEND) out SPH, temp ldi temp,1 mov rones, temp ldi temp, 0 mov rzeros, temp ldi temp, 0b01011010 ; for random number generator mov count, temp ldi temp, 0b01000000 ; for random number generator mov count1, temp ;initial conditions clr TXbusy ;start out not busy on TX ldi RXchar, stop ;start out not running ;setup UART -- enable TXempty & RXdone int, and RX, TX pins ldi temp, 0b10111000 out UCR, temp ;set baud rate to 9600 ldi temp, baud96 out UBRR, temp ser Temp ;set PORTB to be out DDRB,Temp ;all outputs ;intialize text pointer BEFORE turning on interrupts ;because RESET causes the TX empty flag to be SET ldi ZL, LOW(crlf<<1);do shift to convert word-addr to byte ldi ZH, HIGH(crlf<<1) ldi temp, 0xff out PORTB, temp sei; enable global interrupts and wait for Rxdone interrupt ;now print three strings and wait for incoming character interrupt ;clr TXbusy ;start out not busy on TX ; display banner of "Welcome to try our Black Jack" out of reset ;now the pointer to the preset message tx_text_predefined crlf tx_text_predefined welcome_txt tx_text_predefined crlf tx_text_predefined welcome_txt1 ; wait for player to hit the "start" button startWait: sub count, rones sbc count1, rzeros cpi RXchar, go;wait for go signal - a 'g' on the keyboard brne startWait tx_text_predefined crlf ; ask player to enter his/her name if we have time to implement this ; rcall get_name;store player's name into ram newGame: ; At the beginning, player has 10 points. ldi_ram Ppoints, 10 tx_text_predefined crlf rcall display_points nextGame: ; initialize some registers' values rcall get_random ldi_ram Phand, 0 ; player's current hand ldi_ram Dhand, 0 ; dealer's current hand ldi_ram PAce, 0 ; Ace = 0:no Ace in hand else: has Ace in hand for player ldi_ram DAce, 0 ; Ace = 0:no Ace in hand else: has Ace in hand for dealer ldi_ram Busted, 0 ; not 0: hand is greater than 21 ldi_ram BlackJack, 0 ; not 0: hand is equal 21 ;initialize all cards to -1 first -- this is for display purpose ldi_ram Dsuit1, -1 ldi_ram Dcardnum1, -1 ldi_ram Dsuit2, -1 ldi_ram Dcardnum2, -1 ldi_ram Dsuit3, -1 ldi_ram Dcardnum3, -1 ldi_ram Dsuit4, -1 ldi_ram Dcardnum4, -1 ldi_ram Dsuit5, -1 ldi_ram Dcardnum5, -1 ldi_ram Psuit1, -1 ldi_ram Pcardnum1, -1 ldi_ram Psuit2, -1 ldi_ram Pcardnum2, -1 ldi_ram Psuit3, -1 ldi_ram Pcardnum3, -1 ldi_ram Psuit4, -1 ldi_ram Pcardnum4, -1 ldi_ram Psuit5, -1 ldi_ram Pcardnum5, -1 mov random_ptr, rzeros ;first element in the array ; ask player how much he/she wants to bet for this game tx_text_predefined crlf tx_text_predefined bet_txt ;wait for player to enter the bet betWait: cpi RXchar, one breq betExit cpi RXchar, two brne betWait betExit: tx_text_predefined crlf ; store player's bet into variable bet mov temp, Rxchar subi temp, azero; convert from ascii to number ld_ram bet, temp ; deal 2 cards to dealer and 2 cards to player ; get the first random # into register random ldi ZL, LOW(cards) ldi ZH, HIGH(cards) add r30, random_ptr inc random_ptr ld random, Z mod random, 13, Dsuit1, Dcardnum1, DAce; dealer's 1st card (hidden) st_ram temp, Dcardnum1 cpi temp, 10 brlt dc1_10 addi_ram Dhand, 10 rjmp dc1a_10 dc1_10: add_ram Dhand, Dcardnum1 dc1a_10: ldi ZL, LOW(cards) ldi ZH, HIGH(cards) add r30, random_ptr inc random_ptr ld random, Z mod random, 13, Psuit1, Pcardnum1, PAce; player's 1st card st_ram temp, Pcardnum1 cpi temp, 10 brlt pc1_10 addi_ram Phand, 10 rjmp pc1a_10 pc1_10: add_ram Phand, Pcardnum1 pc1a_10: ldi ZL, LOW(cards) ldi ZH, HIGH(cards) add r30, random_ptr inc random_ptr ld random, Z mod random, 13, Dsuit2, Dcardnum2, DAce; dealer's 2nd card st_ram temp, Dcardnum2 cpi temp, 10 brlt dc2_10 addi_ram Dhand, 10 rjmp dc2a_10 dc2_10: add_ram Dhand, Dcardnum2 dc2a_10: ldi ZL, LOW(cards) ldi ZH, HIGH(cards) add r30, random_ptr inc random_ptr ld random, Z mod random, 13, Psuit2, Pcardnum2, PAce; player's 2nd card st_ram temp, Pcardnum2 cpi temp, 10 brlt pc2_10 addi_ram Phand, 10 rjmp pc2a_10 pc2_10: add_ram Phand, Pcardnum2 pc2a_10: ; display one of dealer's card and both of player's cards ldi mode, 0; display mode rcall display; display cards on screen depends on mode rcall check_bj; store status of black jack into register BlackJack tst_ram BlackJack breq Pcard3 add_ram bet, bet; double the bet rjmp playerWon ;now player need to decide to choose "hit me", "stand" or "double down" ;response = 0:hit me; 1:double down; 2:stand Pcard3: ldi mode, 0 rcall get_response; store player's action into register response cpi response, 0 brne doubleDown3_temp ldi ZL, LOW(cards) ldi ZH, HIGH(cards) add r30, random_ptr inc random_ptr ld random, Z mod random, 13, Psuit3, Pcardnum3, PAce rjmp dd3_after doubleDown3_temp: rjmp doubleDown3 ;branch too long dd3_after: st_ram temp, Pcardnum3 cpi temp, 10 brlt pc3_10 addi_ram Phand, 10 rjmp pc3a_10 pc3_10: add_ram Phand, Pcardnum3 pc3a_10: ldi mode, 1 rcall display st_ram temp, Phand rcall check_busted; store status of busted into register Busted tst_ram Busted brne pl1a rcall check_bj; store status of black jack into register BlackJack tst_ram BlackJack breq Pcard4a add_ram bet, bet; double the bet rjmp pw1 pl1a: tx_text_predefined bust_txt tx_text_predefined crlf rjmp pl1; branch too long doubleDown3: cpi response, 1 brne dt1a add_ram bet, bet; double the bet ldi ZL, LOW(cards) ldi ZH, HIGH(cards) add r30, random_ptr inc random_ptr ld random, Z rjmp Pcard4a_after Pcard4a:rjmp Pcard4 dt1a: rjmp dt1 Pcard4a_after: mod random, 13, Psuit3, Pcardnum3, PAce st_ram temp, Pcardnum3 cpi temp, 10 brlt pc3_10a addi_ram Phand, 10 rjmp pc3a_10a pc3_10a: add_ram Phand, Pcardnum3 pc3a_10a: rjmp temp_tag1 dt1: rjmp dt2 pl1: rjmp pl2 ; branch too long pw1: rjmp pw2 temp_tag1: ldi mode, 1 rcall display st_ram temp, Phand rcall check_busted; store status of busted into register Busted tst_ram Busted brne pl2a rcall check_bj; store status of black jack into register BlackJack tst_ram BlackJack breq dt2a add_ram bet, bet; double the bet rjmp pw2 pl2a: tx_text_predefined bust_txt tx_text_predefined crlf rjmp pl2 dt2a: rjmp dt2 Pcard4: ldi mode, 1 rcall get_response; store player's action into register response cpi response, 0 brne dt2 ldi ZL, LOW(cards) ldi ZH, HIGH(cards) add r30, random_ptr inc random_ptr ld random, Z mod random, 13, Psuit4, Pcardnum4, PAce st_ram temp, Pcardnum4 cpi temp, 10 brlt pc4_10 addi_ram Phand, 10 rjmp pc4a_10 pc4_10: add_ram Phand, Pcardnum4 pc4a_10: rjmp temp_tag2 dt2: rjmp dt3 pl2: rjmp pl3 ; branch too long pw2: rjmp pw3 temp_tag2: ldi mode, 2 rcall display st_ram temp, Phand rcall check_busted; store status of busted into register Busted tst_ram Busted brne pl3a rcall check_bj; store status of black jack into register BlackJack tst_ram BlackJack breq Pcard5 add_ram bet, bet; double the bet rjmp pw3 pl3a: tx_text_predefined bust_txt tx_text_predefined crlf rjmp pl3 Pcard5: ldi mode, 1 rcall get_response; store player's action into register response cpi response, 0 brne dt3 ldi ZL, LOW(cards) ldi ZH, HIGH(cards) add r30, random_ptr inc random_ptr ld random, Z mod random, 13, Psuit5, Pcardnum5, PAce st_ram temp, Pcardnum5 cpi temp, 10 brlt pc5_10 addi_ram Phand, 10 rjmp pc5a_10 pc5_10: add_ram Phand, Pcardnum5 pc5a_10: rjmp temp_tag3 dt3: rjmp dealersTurn pl3: rjmp pl4 ; branch too long pw3: rjmp pw4 temp_tag3: ldi mode, 3 rcall display st_ram temp, Phand rcall check_busted; store status of busted into register Busted tst_ram Busted brne pl4a rcall check_bj; store status of black jack into register BlackJack tst_ram BlackJack breq dealersTurn add_ram bet, bet; double the bet rjmp pw4 pl4a: tx_text_predefined bust_txt tx_text_predefined crlf rjmp pl4 dealersTurn: ;need to find out player's hand first AceHand PAce, Phand ldi ZL, LOW(Phand) ;ld_ram @1, temp1 ldi ZH, HIGH(Phand) st Z, temp1 st_ram temp, Phand AceHand DAce, Dhand cp temp, temp1 brlt pl4 cpi temp1, 16 ; dealer stops dealing if its hand is greater than 16 brlt Dcard3 cp temp1, temp breq pt4 brlt pw4 cp temp, temp1 brlt pl4 Dcard3: ldi ZL, LOW(cards) ldi ZH, HIGH(cards) add r30, random_ptr inc random_ptr ld random, Z mod random, 13, Dsuit3, Dcardnum3, DAce rjmp temp_tag4 pt4: rjmp pt5 pl4: rjmp pl5 ; branch too long pw4: rjmp pw5 temp_tag4: st_ram temp, Dcardnum3 cpi temp, 10 brlt dc3_10 addi_ram Dhand, 10 rjmp dc3a_10 dc3_10: add_ram Dhand, Dcardnum3 dc3a_10: st_ram temp, Dhand rcall check_busted; store status of busted into register Busted tst_ram Busted brne pw5a st_ram temp, Phand AceHand DAce, Dhand cp temp, temp1 brlt pl5a rjmp pw5a_after pw5a: rjmp pw5 pw5a_after: cpi temp1, 16 ; dealer stops dealing if its hand is greater than 16 brlt Dcard4 cp temp1, temp breq pt5 brlt pw5 cp temp, temp1 brlt pl5 Dcard4: ldi ZL, LOW(cards) ldi ZH, HIGH(cards) add r30, random_ptr inc random_ptr ld random, Z mod random, 13, Dsuit4, Dcardnum4, DAce st_ram temp, Dcardnum4 cpi temp, 10 brlt dc4_10 addi_ram Dhand, 10 rjmp dc4a_10 pl5a: rjmp pl5 dc4_10: add_ram Dhand, Dcardnum4 dc4a_10: rjmp temp_tag5 pt5: rjmp pt6 pl5: rjmp pl6 ; branch too long pw5: rjmp pw6 temp_tag5: st_ram temp, Dhand rcall check_busted tst_ram Busted brne pw6a st_ram temp, Phand AceHand DAce, Dhand cp temp, temp1 brlt pl6a rjmp pw6a_after pw6a: rjmp pw6 pw6a_after: cpi temp1, 16 ; dealer stops dealing if its hand is greater than 16 brlt Dcard5 cp temp1, temp breq pt6 brlt pw6 cp temp, temp1 brlt pl6 Dcard5: ldi ZL, LOW(cards) ldi ZH, HIGH(cards) add r30, random_ptr inc random_ptr ld random, Z mod random, 13, Dsuit5, Dcardnum5, DAce st_ram temp, Dcardnum5 cpi temp, 10 brlt dc5_10 addi_ram Dhand, 10 rjmp dc5a_10 pl6a: rjmp pl6 dc5_10: add_ram Dhand, Dcardnum5 dc5a_10: rjmp temp_tag6 pt6: rjmp playerTie pl6: rjmp playerLost ; branch too long pw6: rjmp playerWon temp_tag6: st_ram temp, Dhand rcall check_busted tst_ram Busted brne playerWon st_ram temp, Phand AceHand DAce, Dhand cp temp, temp1 breq playerTie brlt playerLost cp temp1, temp brlt playerWon playerWon: add_ram Ppoints, bet ldi mode, 4 rcall display rjmp next playerTie: ldi mode, 5 rcall display rjmp next playerLost: sub_ram Ppoints, bet ldi mode, 6 rcall display st_ram temp, Ppoints cpi temp, 1; Ppoints <= 0? brge next ;game over ;now player need to choose "new game" or "quit." ;game = 0:new; 1:quit; ;difference between get_next1 & get_next2 is the display tx_text_predefined gameover tx_text_predefined crlf rcall get_next1; store player's decision into register game tst temp1 breq newGame_tag rjmp reset newGame_tag: rjmp newGame ;now player need to choose "next round," "new game" or "quit." ;game = 0:next; 1:new; 2:quit; next: rcall get_next2; store player's decision into register game cpi temp1, 0 brne new rjmp nextGame new: cpi temp1, 1 breq newGame_tag rjmp reset ;***************************** ;interrupt routines T0ovfl: in savSREG, SREG dec count out SREG, savSREG reti ; UART needs a character TXempty:in savSREG, SREG ;save processor status tst TXflash ;Is the string in flash memory? breq TXram ;If not, it is in RAM inc ZL ;get the next char from flash lpm ;and put it in r0 rjmp TXfls TXram: inc ZL ;get the next char from RAM ld r0,Z TXfls: tst r0 ;if char is zero then exit breq TXend out UDR, r0 ;otherwise transmit it rjmp TXexit ;exit until next char TXend: clr TXbusy ;no more chars cbi UCR, UDRIE ;clear the TXempty interrupt TXexit: out SREG, savSREG ;restore proc status reti ;back to pgm ; TX done -- buffer is empty -- unused here TXdone: in savSREG, SREG ;save processor status out SREG, savSREG ;restore proc status reti ;back to pgm ; UART read a character RXdone: in savSREG, SREG ;save processor status in RXchar, UDR ;get the character out SREG, savSREG ;restore proc status reti ;back to pgm ;***************************** ;subroutine TXwait: tst TXbusy ;now wait for the tranmission to finish brne TXwait ret ;--------------------------------- check_bj: AceHand PAce, Phand cpi temp1, 21 brne bjExit tx_text_predefined bj_txt tx_text_predefined crlf ldi_ram BlackJack,1 bjExit: ret ;--------------------------------- check_busted: cpi temp, 22 brlt bustExit ldi_ram Busted, 1 bustExit: ret ;--------------------------------- get_response: ldi RXchar, azero tx_text_predefined action_ndd_txt cpi mode, 0 brne responseWait tx_text_predefined action_dd_txt rjmp responseWait ; wait for player to enter his/her decision responseWait: cpi RXchar, hit brne check_d clr response rjmp responseExit check_d: cpi mode, 0 brne check_s cpi RXchar, double brne check_s ldi response, 1 rjmp responseExit check_s: cpi RXchar, stand brne responseWait ldi response, 2 responseExit: tx_text_predefined crlf ret get_next1: tx_text_predefined crlf tx_text_predefined resetquit_txt tx_text_predefined crlf tx_text_predefined resetquit_txt1 ; wait for player to enter his/her decision next1Wait: cpi RXchar, r brne check_q clr temp1 rjmp next1Exit check_q: cpi RXchar, q brne next1Wait ldi temp1, 1 next1Exit: tx_text_predefined crlf ret ;-------------------------------- get_next2: tx_text_predefined crlf tx_text_predefined nextround_txt tx_text_predefined crlf tx_text_predefined resetquit_txt tx_text_predefined crlf tx_text_predefined resetquit_txt1 ; wait for player to enter his/her decision next2Wait: cpi RXchar, n brne check_n2 clr temp1 rjmp next2Exit check_n2: cpi RXchar, r brne check_q2 ldi temp1, 1 rjmp next2Exit check_q2: cpi RXchar, q brne next2Wait ldi temp1, 2 next2Exit: tx_text_predefined crlf ret ;---------------------------------------------- ;get a random value from timer 0, and then find (random value mod 52) to get a number 0-51 ;which represents a card. repeat ten times to find ten card... if number is the same, we simply ;add 1 to the value and check again if the number has been outputted or not. ; for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) ; get random value (rv) from counter ; number[i] = rv mod (52-i) ; card number ;ag: for (j = 0; j <i; j++) ; if (number[i] == number[j]) ; number[i]++; ; goto ag; ; end if ; end for ; end for get_random: ;cli ldi ZL, LOW(cards) ;load pointer to cards in RAM ldi ZH, HIGH(cards) ldi YL, LOW(cards) ldi YH, HIGH(cards) ldi temp, 1 ;load first counter st: cpi temp,11 brge finish_get_random ; in random, TCNT0 ;load random number ; out PORTB, random ldi temp2, 8 ran_gen:tst temp2 breq start_mod mov tempran0, count1 lsr tempran0 lsr tempran0 lsr tempran0 lsr tempran0 lsr tempran0 lsr tempran0 lsr tempran0 and tempran0, rones mov tempran1, count lsr tempran1 and tempran1, rones mov tempran2, count and tempran2, rones eor tempran1, tempran2 eor tempran0, tempran1 lsl count ;shift left rol count1 bst tempran0, 0 bld count, 0 dec temp2 rjmp ran_gen start_mod: mov random, count simple_mod random, 52, remainder ;find the corresponding card number recheck: ldi temp1, 1 ;find if the number is duplicated ldi YL, LOW(cards) ldi YH, HIGH(cards) loop: cp temp1, temp brge ts ld temp2, Y+ ; go throught the array of cards cp remainder, temp2 breq skip subi temp1, -1 rjmp loop skip: subi remainder, -1 cpi remainder,52 ;if remainder = 52, wrap around, and remainder becomes 0 brne skip1 ldi remainder, 0 skip1: rjmp recheck ts: st Z+, remainder subi temp, -1 rjmp st finish_get_random: ; clr temp ; out TCCR0, temp;stop timer 0 ; sei ;reenable interrupts ret ; --------------------------------------------------------------------------- prepare_string:;@0 = str_ptr, @1 = number, @2 = suit ldi YL, LOW(str_ptr) ldi YH, HIGH(str_ptr) mov ZL, param1a mov ZH, param1b ld temp, Z cpi temp, 1 brne cp_1 ldi temp, ay rjmp p_suit cp_1: cpi temp, 10 brne cp_2 ldi temp, tee rjmp p_suit cp_2: cpi temp, 11 brne cp_3 ldi temp, jay rjmp p_suit cp_3: cpi temp, 12 brne cp_4 ldi temp, cue rjmp p_suit cp_4: cpi temp, 13 brne numbers ldi temp, kay rjmp p_suit numbers:subi temp, -azero p_suit: st Y+, temp mov ZL, param2a mov ZH, param2b ld temp, Z cpi temp, 0 brne cp_5 ldi temp, dee rjmp end_p cp_5: cpi temp, 1 brne cp_6 ldi temp, cee rjmp end_p cp_6: cpi temp, 2 brne cp_7 ldi temp, haych rjmp end_p cp_7: cpi temp, 3 brne end_p ldi temp, es end_p: st Y+, temp ldi temp, space st Y+, temp ldi temp, 0 st Y, temp ret display_points: tx_text_predefined points ; convert number in hex to ascii st_ram temp, Ppoints clr hundreds ;clear registers clr tens clr ones hun_digit: cpi temp, 100 brlt ten_digit subi temp, 100 inc hundreds rjmp hun_digit ten_digit: cpi temp, 10 brlt one_digit subi temp, 10 inc tens rjmp ten_digit one_digit: cpi temp, 1 brlt to_ascii subi temp, 1 inc ones rjmp one_digit to_ascii: ldi temp, -azero sub ones, temp sub tens, temp sub hundreds, temp ; load values into RAM cntstr ldi ZL, LOW(str_ptr) ;ptr to RAM ldi ZH, HIGH(str_ptr) ldi temp, azero cp hundreds, temp breq skip_to_ten st Z+, hundreds ;write hundreds to RAM skip_to_ten: cp tens, temp breq skip_to_one st Z+, tens ;write tens to RAM skip_to_one: st Z+, ones ;write ones to RAM clr temp st Z, temp ;terminate string tx_text_variable str_ptr tx_text_predefined crlf ret ;---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ;display: display dealer's hand and player's hand according to which state ;the program is at... you probably can use a register(mode) to indicate the ;states display: tx_text_predefined crlf tx_text_predefined dealer_txt cpi mode, 4 brlt no_show_d_first rjmp show_d Admin5- 04-21-2006 Version Two using Buttons instead of UART for Input/Output
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